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Java基础(14)UDP、TCP

  Java基础(14)UDP、TCP

=================

UDP(用户数据报协议)和TCP(传输控制协议)是互联网协议套件(TCP/IP)的两个核心协议,用于数据的传输。这两个协议在功能上是相互补充的,分别适用于不同的网络应用场景。

TCP(传输控制协议)

TCP是一种面向连接的、可靠的、基于字节流的传输层通信协议。它能确保数据包的顺序传输和数据的完整性,适用于对数据准确性要求高的应用,如Web浏览、文件传输、电子邮件等。

TCP的特点:

  • 面向连接:通信双方在数据传送前,必须先建立连接。
  • 数据传输可靠性:通过序号、确认应答、重传控制等机制保证数据的正确传输。
  • 拥塞控制和流量控制:通过滑动窗口机制等控制数据的流量,避免网络拥塞。

TCP示例代码(Java)

服务器端示例:

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class TCPServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        int port = 6789;
        ServerSocket welcomeSocket = new ServerSocket(port);

        while (true) {
            Socket connectionSocket = welcomeSocket.accept();
            BufferedReader inFromClient =
                new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(connectionSocket.getInputStream()));
            DataOutputStream outToClient = new DataOutputStream(connectionSocket.getOutputStream());
            String clientSentence = inFromClient.readLine();
            System.out.println("Received: " + clientSentence);
            String capitalizedSentence = clientSentence.toUpperCase() + '\n';
            outToClient.writeBytes(capitalizedSentence);
        }
    }
}

客户端示例:

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class TCPClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        String sentence;
        String modifiedSentence;
        BufferedReader inFromUser = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        Socket clientSocket = new Socket("hostname", 6789);
        DataOutputStream outToServer = new DataOutputStream(clientSocket.getOutputStream());
        BufferedReader inFromServer = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(clientSocket.getInputStream()));
        sentence = inFromUser.readLine();
        outToServer.writeBytes(sentence + '\n');
        modifiedSentence = inFromServer.readLine();
        System.out.println("FROM SERVER: " + modifiedSentence);
        clientSocket.close();
    }
}

UDP(用户数据报协议)

UDP是一种无连接的协议。与TCP不同,它不保证数据包的顺序或完整性,因此,它更适用于对实时性要求高的应用,如视频会议、在线游戏等。

UDP的特点:

  • 无连接:发送数据之前不需要建立连接,减少了开销和发送数据之前的延迟。
  • 效率高,结构简单:适用于广播和多播传输。
  • 不保证可靠传输:不进行错误校验和修正,适用于对实时性要求较高的场景。

UDP示例代码(Java)

服务器端示例:

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class UDPServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        DatagramSocket serverSocket = new DatagramSocket(9876);
        byte[] receiveData = new byte[1024];
        byte[] sendData = new byte[1024];

        while (true) {
            DatagramPacket receivePacket = new DatagramPacket(receiveData, receiveData.length);
            serverSocket.receive(receivePacket);
            String sentence = new String(receivePacket.getData(), 0, receivePacket.getLength());
            System.out.println("RECEIVED: " + sentence);
            InetAddress IPAddress = receivePacket.getAddress();
            int port = receivePacket.getPort();
            String capitalizedSentence = sentence.toUpperCase();
            sendData = capitalizedSentence.getBytes();
            DatagramPacket sendPacket = new DatagramPacket(sendData, sendData.length, IPAddress, port);
            serverSocket.send(sendPacket);
        }
    }
}

客户端示例:

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class UDPClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        BufferedReader inFromUser = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        DatagramSocket clientSocket = new DatagramSocket();
        InetAddress IPAddress = InetAddress.getByName("hostname");
        byte[] sendData = new byte[1024];
        byte[] receiveData = new byte[1024];
        String sentence = inFromUser.readLine();
        sendData = sentence.getBytes();
        DatagramPacket sendPacket = new DatagramPacket(sendData, sendData.length, IPAddress, 9876);
        clientSocket.send(sendPacket);
        DatagramPacket receivePacket = new DatagramPacket(receiveData, receiveData.length);
        clientSocket.receive(receivePacket);
        String modifiedSentence = new String(receivePacket.getData(), 0, receivePacket.getLength());
        System.out.println("FROM SERVER:" + modifiedSentence);
        clientSocket.close();
    }
}

总结

TCP和UDP各有优缺点,适用于不同的网络应用场景。TCP提供了一种可靠的、面向连接的通信方式,适用于对数据顺序和完整性要求高的应用。UDP则提供了一种无连接的、尽最大努力交付的通信方式,适用于对实时性要求较高的场景。在实际应用中,选择哪种协议取决于应用的具体需求和网络环境的特点。

原文链接: https://juejin.cn/post/7364418751481085986

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